Xi, Putin, and Kim Unite, Complicating China’s Global Diplomacy

The joint appearance of the leaders of China, Russia, and North Korea on September 3, 2025, in Beijing aims to demonstrate unity among allies. However, early responses indicate that this show of solidarity may be backfiring, further straining China’s international relations. Just two days after this high-profile meeting, Japan and Australia announced plans to enhance security cooperation in the Indo-Pacific region. Subsequently, on September 11, a new defense agreement between Japan and the Philippines came into effect, allowing their armed forces to operate within each other’s territories. These developments signal a strong regional response to perceived Chinese assertiveness.

The positioning of Vladimir Putin and Kim Jong Un alongside President Xi Jinping during the 80th anniversary commemorations of China’s victory over Japan in World War II was a calculated move. It conveyed a message of alignment among the three nations against Western influence. However, analysts suggest that this alignment could pose significant challenges for China, particularly by pushing Xi Jinping into closer ties with unpredictable partners, thereby jeopardizing Beijing’s claims to neutrality in international mediation efforts.

China’s increasing closeness to both North Korea and Russia comes amidst a backdrop of escalating tensions with Western nations, particularly in light of the ongoing war in Ukraine. Despite Beijing’s assertions of neutrality, its recent actions have raised questions about its stance. Earlier in 2025, China expressed dissatisfaction with North Korea’s overt military support for Russia, yet the joint appearance with both leaders could be perceived as tacit support for their alliance, complicating China’s diplomatic narrative.

The reaction in Europe has been swift. Kaja Kallas, the European Union’s foreign policy chief, described the participation of leaders from China, Russia, Iran, and North Korea in Beijing’s parade as indicative of an “authoritarian alliance” challenging the established international order. This perception is likely to heighten security concerns within Europe and further strain China-EU economic relations. The EU may respond by expanding anti-dumping measures against China or accelerating its efforts to reduce economic dependence on Beijing. In 2024, trade between China and the EU reached $609 billion, underscoring the economic stakes involved.

The shifting dynamics could also have unexpected consequences for the United States. While recent U.S. administrations have grappled with maintaining transatlantic relations, the China-Russia-North Korea alignment may compel the U.S. to reinforce its alliances with European nations. Notably, Donald Trump has already called for increased economic pressure on China, citing its support for Russia amid the Ukraine conflict.

China’s alignment with Russia and North Korea also appears to be catalyzing a more unified military response among U.S. allies in the Pacific. The United States and the Philippines have ramped up naval exercises, while Japan has begun military drills featuring advanced missile systems capable of striking the Chinese mainland. Starting September 15, South Korea, Japan, and the U.S. will conduct annual military exercises to counter North Korea’s nuclear threats.

The ramifications of this trilateral alliance extend to domestic politics in South Korea as well. The ruling Democratic Party has maintained a relatively friendly approach toward China and North Korea, contrasting sharply with the previous administration’s hardline stance. However, as perceptions shift, the current government may find itself compelled to reassess its China policy, especially following China’s decision to showcase Kim Jong Un—a leader long viewed as a pariah—on the world stage.

Japan faces a similar dilemma. The recently resigned Prime Minister Shigeru Ishiba was known for his moderate stance toward China, seeking to stabilize relations. However, the growing security risks associated with the China-Russia-North Korea alignment may drive Japan to adopt a tougher stance against Beijing.

As the implications of the September 3 parade continue to unfold, the question remains: how will this unity resonate in Washington? Although Trump initially praised the event, he expressed concerns over the implications of the trilateral meeting, suggesting that it represents a conspiracy against the U.S.

In summary, the display of unity among Xi, Putin, and Kim not only signals China’s intent to reshape global dynamics but also raises substantial risks. As China seeks to consolidate its position, this alignment risks further alienating Western nations and pushing regional allies to strengthen defenses against perceived threats. The emerging geopolitical landscape suggests that the consequences of this diplomatic maneuvering may extend far beyond the immediate sphere of influence of the three nations involved.